Exploring the biblical theology of Christian egalitarianism

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INTRODUCTION

In other articles on this website, I have suggested that the heresy in Ephesus, which motivated Paul to write his first letter to Timothy, was a syncretistic heresy, some of which involved the mishandling of Old Testament Law (cf. 1 Tim. 1:3–7; 2:5; 4:1–4, 7; 6:20; etc).[1] I have also previously suggested that 1 Timothy 2:13–14 was written to correct heretical ideas concerning Adam and Eve. (The story of Adam and Eve is in Genesis which is part of Old Testament Law.)

Several ancient Jewish writings contain strange elaborations and allegorical interpretations of the Genesis 2–3 story (e.g., Life of Adam and Eve and some of Philo’s writings). These texts were written before 1 Timothy was penned. Several Gnostic texts which were written around the same time and later than 1 Timothy, also show that the biblical creation accounts were interpreted freely and allegorically in the first few centuries of the common era. These Gnostic texts were discovered in 1945 near Nag Hammadi in Egypt. In some of them, Eve is depicted as a powerful force while Adam is passive.

One of my readers wanted more information about these texts and wanted to check them for herself. So in this post, I provide links to Gnostic works that present Eve in a very different light from how the Bible presents her. In these texts, Eve is sometimes described as Adam’s teacher. She is also depicted as superior to Adam, as preceding him, or as giving life to him in some way.

The links to these texts, along with a few sample quotes, are provided to show the plausibility that 1 Timothy 2:13–14 was written to correct a faulty understanding that Eve was created first and that she was neither deceived nor a sinner.

Most of the texts are not long but, if you want to read only the pertinent sentences, I suggest searching the texts using the word “Adam”. [To search, go to the text online, press and hold Ctrl and then press the letter F key. Then type in the word “Adam” in the field that pops up.]

Reading the Gnostic texts is one thing, understanding them is another. To help in understanding, it is important to note that “Eve” is equivalent to the Greek word “Zoe,” and that both words mean “Life”.[2] Eve, or Zoe, is portrayed in some texts as the daughter or messenger of the divine “Sophia.” (Sophia is considered by some Gnostics as the feminine hypostasis, or manifestation, of the Godhead.) Other Gnostic terms are applied to various “heavenly projections” of Eve, such as “Epinoia” (a Greek word which, in other contexts, typically means “thought”).

A SELECTION OF GNOSTIC TEXTS

Apocalypse of Adam (c. 50–150)

In this work, Adam speaks and says that Eve “taught me a word of knowledge of the eternal God.” The text thus refers to Eve as a teacher of theological knowledge.
Online text and commentary.

Thunder, Perfect Mind (c. 100–230)

This text contains the ramblings of a woman called “Life” (i.e. Zoe, a.k.a Eve). Unlike what the title suggests, this piece of writing is not conducive or indicative of a perfect mind. This piece is not especially helpful in discussing the heresy of 1 Timothy 2:12 but lends weight to the idea that some strands of Judaism and early Christianity held to strange ideas about Eve.
Online text and commentary.

Gospel of Philip (c. 180–250)

This work is even weirder. It states that Adam came into being through two virgins, one of whom is Spirit and seems to be Eve.
Online text and commentary.

The Apocryphon of John (c. 120–180)

This book portrays Eve as a teacher of Adam.

And he sent, through his beneficent Spirit and his great mercy, a helper to Adam, luminous Epinoia which comes out of him, who is called “Life” (Zoe). And she assists the whole creature, by toiling with him and by restoring him to his fullness and by teaching him about the descent of his seed (and) by teaching him about the way of ascent, (which is) the way he came down.

In this passage, Eve is shown as superior to Adam.

I am the light which exists in the light, I am the remembrance of the Pronoia—that I might enter into the midst of darkness and the inside of Hades. And I filled my face with the light of the completion of their aeon. And I entered into the midst of their prison, which is the prison of the body. And I said, ‘He who hears, let him get up from the deep sleep.’ And he wept and shed tears. Bitter tears he wiped from himself and he said, ‘Who is it that calls my name, and from where has this hope come to me, while I am in the chains of the prison?’ And I said, ‘I am the Pronoia of the pure light; I am the thinking of the virginal Spirit, who raised you up to the honored place. Arise and remember that it is you who hearkened, and follow your root, which is I, the merciful one, and guard yourself against the angels of poverty and the demons of chaos and all those who ensnare you, and beware of the deep sleep and the enclosure of the inside of Hades.

Stephan A. Hoeller, a Gnostic scholar and Gnostic believer, comments on this passage and writes,

Nowhere is Eve’s superiority and numinous power more evident than in her role as Adam’s awakener. Adam is in a deep sleep, from which Eve’s liberating call arouses him. While the orthodox version has Eve physically emerge from Adam’s body, the Gnostic rendering has the spiritual principle known as Eve emerging from the unconscious depths of the somnolent Adam.[3]

Online text and commentary

Adam and Eve in Ancient Gnostic Literature (1 Timothy 2:13-14)

The first two pages of The Apocryphon of John from a book found at Nag Hammadi.

The Hypostasis of the Archons (c. 200–300 CE)

This long text is an esoteric interpretation of Genesis chapters 1–6. It includes several passages about Adam and Eve including the following where Adam acknowledges that Eve has given him life.

The rulers took counsel with one another and said, “Come, let us cause a deep sleep to fall upon Adam.” And he slept. Now the deep sleep that they “caused to fall upon him, and he slept” is Ignorance. They opened his side like a living woman. And they built up his side with some flesh in place of her, and Adam came to be endowed only with soul. And the spirit-endowed woman came to him and spoke with him, saying, “Arise, Adam.” And when he saw her, he said, “It is you who have given me life; you will be called ‘mother of the living’. For it is she who is my mother. It is she who is the physician, and the woman, and she who has given birth.

Also, The Hypostasis of the Archons (or The Nature of the Rulers) refers to the serpent as “The Teacher” who is guided by the feminine principle which mystically inhabits it. The Serpent is portrayed in a somewhat positive manner which is very different to the biblical account where the serpent is cursed by God for bringing about the downfall of Adam and Eve.

This Gnostic text is disturbing because of the way it portrays God. Gnostics believe that the Creator is demented and distant; and “the rulers” (archons) in this text (which parallel God in Genesis 1 but with corrupted twists) are described as arrogant, as giving humans a hard time, and even as spiteful.
Online text and commentary.

The Origin of the World (c. 270–330)

This work is difficult to follow and contains the following enigmatic passage about Eve.:

When Sophia let fall a droplet of light, it flowed onto the water, and immediately a human being appeared, being androgynous. That droplet she molded first as a female body. Afterwards, using the body she molded it in the likeness of the mother, which had appeared. And he finished it in twelve months. An androgynous human being was produced, whom the Greeks call Hermaphrodites; and whose mother the Hebrews call Eve of Life (Zoe), namely, the female instructor of life. Her offspring is the creature that is lord. Afterwards, the authorities called it “beast”, so that it might lead astray their modelled creatures. The interpretation of “the beast” is “the instructor”. For it was found to be the wisest of all beings.

And this:

Now, Eve is the first virgin, the one who without a husband bore her first offspring. It is she who served as her own midwife. For this reason she is held to have said:

It is I who am the part of my mother; and it is I who am the mother.
It is I who am the wife; it is I who am the virgin.
It is I who am pregnant; it is I who am the midwife.
It is I who am the one that comforts pains of travail.
It is my husband who bore me; and it is I who am his mother.
And it is he who is my father and my lord.
It is he who is my force; What he desires, he says with reason.
I am in the process of becoming; yet I have borne a man as lord.

In this passage, Adam (again) claims that Eve has given him life, and that she has preceded him:

After the day of rest, Sophia sent her daughter Zoe, being called Eve, as an instructor, in order that she might make Adam, who had no soul, arise, so that those whom he should engender might become containers of light. When Eve saw her male counterpart prostrate, she had pity upon him, and she said, “Adam! Become alive! Arise upon the earth!” Immediately her word became accomplished fact. For Adam, having arisen, suddenly opened his eyes. When he saw her, he said, “You shall be called ‘Mother of the Living’. For it is you who have given me life.”

Online text and commentary.

PROTO-GNOSTICISM IN THE EPHESIAN CHURCH

Many of these Gnostic writings were penned after First Timothy was written. However, some of these heretical ideas may have been circulating for years before they were written down. A few of these ideas may have some similarities with the heresy at Ephesus.

Cerinthus was a well-known proto-Gnostic teacher who had come to Ephesus from Alexandria some time in the latter half of the first century.[4] Like his compatriot Philo of Alexandria, Cerinthus favoured allegorical interpretations of Old Testament scripture. Yet we do not know what Cerinthus thought or taught about Adam and Eve.

Revelation 2:6 mentions that there was a heretical sect known as the Nicolaitans in Ephesus, but we know little about this relatively short-lived group. It is within First Timothy itself that there are the strongest clues about the nature of the heresy at Ephesus (1 Tim. 1:3–7; 2:5, 15; 4:1–4, 7; 6:20). These clues led men such as Irenaeus, Tertullian, and Eusebius to link the heresy in First Timothy with the Gnosticism they knew in the second and third centuries.[5]

Unlike the elaborate Gnostic stories, Paul gives a succinct and straightforward summary of the biblical account of creation and the Fall, albeit leaving out the bit that Adam was also a sinner.

For Adam was formed first, then Eve. And Adam was not the one deceived; it was the woman who was deceived and became a sinner. 1 Timothy 2:13–14 (Italics added.)

Paul may well have written this to correct the false notion, evident in some later Gnostic writings, that Eve was created first and then Adam, and that Adam was the one deceived.[6] I have more on 1 Timothy 2:13, here. (See also the second postscript below.)

Footnotes

[1] Scholars are increasingly reluctant to call syncretistic religious beliefs before the second century AD “Gnosticism.” In the context of the letter to the Ephesians, which, like the letters to Timothy, was written in the late first century, Clinton Arnold is wary about calling the heresy in Ephesus “Gnosticism” but concedes,

A total dismissal of all Gnostic interpretation of Ephesians would not be a proper conclusion to draw . . . . Even if the thoroughgoing dualism characteristic of fully developed Gnosis cannot be demonstrated before A.D. 135 . . . , other streams of religious influence (with permutations already in process) may have existed which had a profound impact on developing Gnosis. One or a number of these merging streams may have been converging in the first century forming the beginning of Gnosis.
Clinton E. Arnold, Ephesians: Power and Magic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press1989), 12.

[2] Curiously, the Septuagint (the Greek Old Testament), or at least some versions of it, has “Zoe” in Genesis 3:20, but “Eva” in Genesis 4:1.

[3] Stephan A. Hoeller, The Genesis Factor, published in Quest, September 1997. Available online at The Gnosis Archive, here.

[4] According to Ernest Renan, Cerinthus was “considered to be the bitter opponent of Paul.” “Chapter XVIII Ephesus—The Old Age of John—Cerinthus—Docetism”, History of the Origins of Christianity. Book V. The Gospels, 219. (Source: CCEL) It is more certain, however, that Cerinthus was an opponent of John who, in later life, lived in Ephesus. John may have had Cerinthus in mind when he wrote 1 John 2:22–23.
There is a much-repeated story that John ran out of a bathhouse in Ephesus when he discovered Cerinthus was inside. John ran out yelling, “Let’s get out of here in case the bathhouse falls down for Cerinthus the enemy of truth is inside.” (Irenaeus, Against Heresies, 3.3.4)
Epiphanius, who is not a reliable source of information, claims that Cerinthus was from Asia Minor and began his teaching there. He also claims that Cerinthus was already causing trouble in the mid-first century and that Acts 15:24 refers to him and other Judaisers like him. (Epiphanius, Panarion Book 1 28)

[5] I’ve written more about how these early church writers linked the Ephesian heresy with second-century Gnosticism, here.

[6] In 1 Timothy 2:12, Paul uses the unusual verb authentein. Albert Wolters writes about a cognate noun of authentein and its association with Gnosticism,

It is noteworthy that the word authentia played a prominent role in Gnosticism; for example it was the name of the supreme deity in the systems of the early Gnostics Cerinthus and Saturninus, and in the Gnostic writing Poimandres (first and second centuries AD).
“A Semantic Study of Authentēs and its Derivatives” in the Journal for Biblical Manhood and Womanhood, 1.11 (Spring 2006): 50. A pdf of this paper can be viewed here.

The noun authentia is typically translated into English as “supreme power” in works by Early Church Fathers who addressed Christian Gnosticism. The infinitive authentein, sometimes translated as “to have authority over” in 1 Timothy 2:12, does not refer to a usual kind of authority but to domineering. Is there an allusion to Gnosticism in Paul’s use of the word authentein? (See the footnotes, here.)

Postscript: November 14, 2019
Tatian on Adam

Tatian, a second-century Christian teacher with unorthodox ideas, denied that Adam was saved. In Against Heresies 1.28.1, Irenaeus says this was a recent idea and unique to Tatian. But I do wonder if the idea was circulating earlier and if it has anything to do with Paul’s correction in 1 Timothy 2:14, “And Adam was not the one deceived; it was the woman who was deceived and became a sinner.”

Springing from Saturninus and Marcion, those who are called Encratites (self-controlled) preached against marriage, thus setting aside the original creation of God, and indirectly blaming Him who made the male and female for the propagation of the human race. Some of those reckoned among them have also introduced abstinence from animal food, thus proving themselves ungrateful to God, who formed all things. They deny, too, the salvation of him who was first created. It is but lately, however, that this opinion has been invented among them. A certain man named Tatian first introduced the blasphemy. He was a hearer of Justin’s [Justin Martyr], and as long as he continued with him he expressed no such views; but after his martyrdom he separated from the Church, and, excited and puffed up by the thought of being a teacher, as if he were superior to others, he composed his own peculiar type of doctrine. He invented a system of certain invisible Æons, like the followers of Valentinus; while, like Marcion and Saturninus, he declared that marriage was nothing else than corruption and fornication. But his denial of Adam’s salvation was an opinion due entirely to himself. Against Heresies 1.28.1

Postscript: December 11, 2022
Gnostic Ideas and 1 Timothy 2

This entry in the New Dictionary of Theology (2000 edition) connects Gnostic ideas with 1 Timothy 2:11–15.

Forms of Gnosticism spoke of systems of intermediate beings who bridged the gap between God and man. Some spoke of women as these intermediaries and of Eve as the bringer of both light and life, the mediatrix who brought divine enlightenment to mankind. Some even embellished the Genesis accounts and sometimes gave Eve a prior existence in which she consorted with the celestial beings.

Paul’s prohibition against women teachers in 1 Tim. 2:11–15 probably had such groups in mind. The heretics had led astray ‘weak-willed women’ (2 Tim. 3:6), even forbidding marriage (1 Tim. 4:3). In opposing them, Paul reminds the whole church, not just women, of the sole mediatorship of Christ (1 Tim. 2:5–9). Adam, he continues, was created first rather than Eve; and Eve, far from being an instrument of light, was deluded (1 Tim. 2:13–14). No one, he argues, has a privileged position with God on the basis of gender.
H. M. Conn, “The Effect of Sin upon Covenant Mutuality” in New Dictionary of Theology, S.B Ferguson and J.I. Packer (eds) (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2000), 257–258.

Postscript: August 18, 2023
Basic Information About Gnosticism

Michael Bird presents a sensible 10-minute discussion on Gnosticism and the Valentinians at the beginning of this video. He then looks at the contents of a letter written by Ptolemy to a woman named Flora. The letter contains a Gnostic/ Valentinian interpretation of the Jewish Law.

Images

(1) William Blake, Eve tempted by the Serpent, c. 1796 (Wikimedia)
(2) The first two pages of The Apocryphon of John in a book found in Nag Hammadi. (Wikimedia)

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Explore more

6 Reasons 1 Timothy 2:12 is not as clear as it seems
1 Timothy 2:13: Another reason 1 Timothy 2:12 is not clear as it seems
The meaning of authentein, with a brief history of authent– words
1 Timothy 2:12, in a Nutshell
An Interpretation of 1 Timothy 2:12 that joins the dots of 1 Timothy 2:11–15
Chastity, Salvation, and 1 Timothy 2:15
Kephalē and Proto-Gnosticism
Women, Eve, and Deception 
All my articles on 1 Timothy 2:11–15 are here.

Further Reading

Another Eve: A Case Study in the Earliest Manifestations of Christian Esotericism by Laura Hobgood-Oster can be read on the Michigan State University website, here.

12 thoughts on “Adam and Eve in Ancient Gnostic Literature and 1 Tim. 2:13–14

  1. I am truly convinced that Paul was writing against Gnosticism in his letters to Timothy. When we also consider that odd word in I Tim 2 about “authority,” it works out better with the idea of “usurping” that simply having it. I can really picture these Gnostic women coming in and trying to take over, “correcting” the preaching of the Christians. That ties together much better. Of no one should usurp someone else’s authority, but this was a personal letter about a specific topic.

    Gnostic thought also helps with that confusing verse at the end of I Tim 2 about a woman or women being safe in childbirth. Since material things were seen as evil to gnostics, it was evil to create a child. Perhaps the verse is really teaching that a new Christian woman giving birth was not evil and she would not be punished or her soul harmed.

    SO much we don’t understand. Yet people act like those verses are perfectly clear and make eternal rules out of them. How presumptuous.

    1. Irenaeus, Tertullian, and Eusebius believed that the heresy addressed in 1 Timothy was an early, emerging form of Gnosticism. I agree that Gnosticism can help to make sense of 1 Timothy 2:15 but so does the emphasis on sexual asceticism in the early church. I write about asceticism and 1 Timothy 2:15 here.

  2. To all here, you will find another article stating much the same information halfway down the page at

    http://godswordtowomen.org/fees.htm

    By Don Rousu from Alberta Canada, it corroborates much of the teaching here…and ends with a paraphrase of 1 Tim 2:11-14.

    If he and this writer are correct, we have wasted the lives of multiplied thousands of women with our determination to avoid higher learning and context in many churches.

    I would like to add that so many men have been deceived throughout history, namely leading a multitude of false cults, that to accept females as solely deceived is nonsense.

  3. This is amazing!! I was just reading in Kostenberger’s “Women in the Church” and he talks about how Artemis isn’t directly mentioned or even implied in the Pastoral Epistles. We can’t determine how much that cult affected the church but I found it interesting to learn about the early church’s struggle with gnosticism! Now we have TWO possible sources of influence that required Paul’s correction of their skewed creation account in 1 Timothy 2:13-14! Fascinating! My husband poo-pooed my idea that Paul was correcting false teaching there and NOT giving a permanent reason for his prohibition rooted in creation order! But gnosticism fits the bill, even when it comes to women being fearful of bearing children! It makes so much sense to me! I really had no idea what gnosticism was or that it had infiltrated the church much less that they believed that Eve was superior to Adam! Amazing! I was researching it and Google suggested you Marg! I was like, “Yes! A source I can trust!”! Thanks Marg!

  4. This is really fascinating. I consider myself fairly well read, but I didn’t know these early gnostic texts existed, much less were prominent. Your explanation makes a whole lot more sense than the universal prohibition that is preached in many conservative/reformed circles. Thanks for the food for thought!

  5. The extreme pagan culture of both Corinth and Ephesus must apply significantly to the “woman must remain silent” passages (1 Cor 14 and 1 Tim 2). There is some missing information that we’re not privy to and so the mere sound of the words “women are to remain silent” has led to extreme misinterpretations. This must be the case since Paul clearly allows for women speaking in the churches elsewhere, and even in 1 Cor 11 (Regardless of one’s interpretation of head coverings, the fact is, Paul recognizes women praying and prophesying in the church.). I Timothy is a personal letter from Paul the mentor to his good friend and protégé Timothy. We’re at a loss to fill in some of the “missing pieces” that would elucidate this difficult passage in 1 Tim 2. However, I’m more and more convinced that the pagan Ephesian culture, home to the cult of Diana and a fertile seedbed of growing gnostic heresies which would fully flower over the ensuing decades, lies at the root of the statements in 1 Tim 2. Marge, your take on the later gnostic texts of 2nd and 3rd centuries having arisen earlier in the 1st C makes good sense. I think it’s only reasonable that we see these early, heretical teachings regarding the priority and purity of Eve beginning to circulate in 1st C Ephesus right here in 1 Tim 2.

    1. Hi Mark, I’m not sure that the pagan environments in Corinth and Ephesus were more extreme than in most other Greco-Roman cities. However, I agree that we are not given the story behind 1 Timothy 2:11-15 and 1 Corinthians 11:2-16, etc.

      There are only a couple of tenuous clues in First Timothy that may, or may not, help us to understand the backstory to 1 Timothy 2:11-15. But there are “missing pieces.”

      I mention Diana (Artemis) elsewhere on my website, but I’m not convinced she was behind 1 Timothy 2:11-15.

      I’ve written about the pagan environments of Ephesus and Corinth here.
      https://margmowczko.com/tag/ephesus/
      https://margmowczko.com/aphrodite-sacred-prostitution-corinth/

      1. Thanks for your good scholarship! I’ve been running down the rabbit hole of Artemis being behind 1 Tim 2:11-15. I’m going to have to do some more research then. One thing I’ve concluded, though. This isn’t nearly as simple as “women having authority over a man”. There’s something happening here, though what it is ain’t exactly clear. Thanks again.

        1. Greek scholar A.T. Robertson agrees with you. In his famous Word Pictures (1930–1933), he made this observation about 1 Timothy 2:12: “One feels somehow that something is not expressed here to make it all clear.” (Source: Study Light)

          I don’t think this verse has anything to do with a woman having authority over a man, as such. I think it’s about a domineering, controlling behaviour that is unacceptable from any person, male or female. And I propose that the relationship of this woman and man in Ephesus is marriage.

  6. […] As I’ve stated in my series on 1 Timothy 2:12, I propose that Paul mentioned Adam and Eve to correct false teachings that were circulating in the Ephesian church which claimed that Eve was created first and that Adam was the one deceived. There are several Gnostic texts that present this false, topsy-turvy thinking. (Early church fathers Irenaeus and Tertullian quoted from 1 Timothy and identified the heresy in Ephesus as an early, or incipient, form of Gnosticism.) And we know some in Ephesus were mishandling the Law which includes Genesis (1 Tim. 1:3-7). […]

  7. I am a big fan of yours. I appreciate your honesty. Have you read Kroeger and Kroeger’s book regarding 1 Timothy 2v11-15? They argue that authentein should be translated as “originator”. As you note on this website, they say that Eve was made first.

    “Also, the little godlings conspire amoung themselves, ‘But let us not tell Adam, for he is not one of us. Rather let us bring a deep sleep over him. And let us instruct him in his sleep to the effect that she came from his rib, in order that his wife may obey, and he may be lord over her.’” (Nag Hammadi Codex, II, Tractate 5, On The Origin of The World)

    I have been trying to champion their view for a bit now and believe it is the best explanation. A better translation of the verses are:
    A woman is to learn quietly in full submission [to the scriptures]. I do not allow a woman to teach nor to represent herself as the originator of man but she is to be in quietness [not misusing words that would stir up needless friction]. For Adam was formed first, then Eve. And Adam was not deceived, but the woman was deceived and transgressed. But she will be saved by the birth of the Child [Jesus], if they continue in faith, love, and holiness, with self control. (1 Timothy 2v11-15)

    Thank you for all the excellent work you do!

    1. Hello Matt, thanks for your kind words.

      I have read the Kroegers’ book, but I see several things differently from them.

      Authentein is an infinitive from the Greek verb authenteō. The word “originator” is a noun. So authentein cannot mean “originator” as such. And there’s nothing in the verb authenteō to suggest the added sense of “to represent herself as …”

      I don’t think 1 Timothy 2:12 means,
      “I am not allowing a woman to teach, nor to be the originator of, or to represent herself as the originator of man …”

      I think it means,
      “I am not allowing a woman to teach, nor to domineer (authentein) a husband …”

      Furthermore, Craig Keener points out that most of the lexical evidence the Kroegers used to support the sense of “originator” is from the patristic period which is after the first century. Keener, Paul, Women & Wives (Hendrickson, 1992), 108.

      Early translations of 1 Timothy 2:12 in Latin and in other languages, translations made when Koine Greek (the language of the New Testament) was still a living language, translate authentein as a word that means “to domineer/ dominate,” or “to lord it over,” or “to have full power over,” or something similar.

      I’ve taken an indepth look at authentein here:
      https://margmowczko.com/authentein-1-timothy2_12/
      See also here:
      https://margmowczko.com/authentein-bad-behaviour-1-tim-212/

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