Watercolour and ink portrait of Tabitha (Dorcas) by Sarah Beth Baca.
Used with permission of the artist. All rights reserved.
Prints of this portrait and of other Bible women can be purchased here.
Introducing Tabitha AKA Dorcas (Acts 9:36)
Many women faithfully followed Jesus during and after his earthly ministry and can be counted among his disciples.[1] But Tabitha, a Jewess living in the port city of Joppa (modern-day Jaffa, near Tel Aviv), is the only woman in the New Testament who is plainly called a “disciple.”[2] That Luke chose to use this word suggests that she was not only a committed Christian but that she was also an important member of the Christian community at Joppa.[3]
Luke, the author of Acts, provides several details surrounding Tabitha’s story but begins with these glowing words.
Now in Joppa there was a certain disciple named Tabitha, which being translated [into Greek] is “Dorcas.” She was full of good works [i.e. benefactions] and of almsgivings [i.e. acts of charity to the poor] which she was [continually] doing. Acts 9:36
Who was this woman who is identified as a disciple and described as a generous supporter of the poor?
Like many women in the New Testament, Tabitha is not mentioned in relation to a man.[4] She seems to have been independent of either a husband or father, and her benefactions and acts of charity are her own (cf. Luke 8:1-3). The scenario that best fits this situation is that she was a relatively wealthy widow.
Furthermore, Tabitha may have been a relatively young widow. There was a high mortality rate in New Testament times and, as husbands were usually considerably older than their wives, it was not unusual for wives to outlive them. But Tabitha’s life was also cut short. After an illness that appears to have been short and sudden, she dies.
Laid Out in an Upper Room (Acts 9:37-38)
At that time she became ill and died. When they had washed her, they laid her in a room upstairs. Since Lydda was near Joppa, the disciples, who heard that Peter was there, sent two men to him with the request, “Please come to us without delay.” Acts 9:37-38 NRSV
Luke includes the detail that Tabitha’s body was washed and then laid in an upper room. Why does Luke include this information? Washing a corpse was usual practice,[5] but laying the body in a room was not. Rather, Jewish people buried their dead soon after death, typically on the same day.
There is an echo in Acts 9:37 to the stories of Elijah and Elisha when they restored the life of two sons who belonged to two prominent women. Luke may be using the literary device of intertextuality by choosing to mention that Tabitha’s corpse, like those of the two sons, was laid in an upper room. In 1 Kings 17:19, Elijah carried the dead son of the widow of Zarephath to an upper room and laid him on the bed. In 2 Kings 4:21, the Shunammite woman carried her dead boy upstairs and laid him on Elisha’s bed. Both Elijah and Elisha then prayed to God alone in the upper rooms and the sons, future providers, came back to life.
It seems the Christians in Joppa were hopeful that Tabitha would be raised to life. They wanted her back! They had heard that Peter was in Lydda (23 kilometres away), and they had heard that through his ministry, Jesus Christ had healed a paralysed man there name Aeneas (Acts 9:34). So the hopeful church sent two men to urge the apostle to come with them to Joppa.
The fact that two men are sent to Peter, to ask for his help, indicates that Tabitha’s death was untimely. The church regarded it as a tragedy. If Tabitha had been elderly, it is hard to envisage that the church would have gone to the trouble to fetch Peter from Lydda; the journey there and back would have taken the two men a minimum of two days. Clearly, Tabitha was a valued and vital member of the community, and Peter is persuaded to come to Joppa.
Tabitha’s Upper Room (Acts 9:39)
So Peter got up and went with them; and when he arrived, they took him to the room upstairs. All the widows stood beside him, weeping and showing tunics and other clothing that Dorcas had made while she was with them. Acts 9:39 NRSV
By the time Peter arrives, Tabitha may have been dead for a few days (cf. John 11:39). And he is taken to the upper room (hyperōon) where her body is laid out.[6] Though Luke never states who the room belongs to, it is most likely part of Tabitha’s house. An upper room was usually the largest and best-appointed room in larger first-century homes.
Luke mentions two other upper rooms in Acts, and both of them served as meeting places for Christian congregations. Before Pentecost, Jesus’ disciples met in an upper room (hyperōon) in Jerusalem (Acts 1:12-14). And when Paul was visiting Troas, the church held meetings in an upper room (hyperōon) (Acts 20:7-12). Furthermore, the church at Jerusalem often met at Mary of Jerusalem’s home which could accommodate many people (Acts 12:12). And the church at Philippi met in Lydia’s house (Acts 16:15, 40). Did the church at Joppa meet in the upper room at Tabitha’s home?[7]
In this room, Luke presents a stirring scene of “all the widows” who were weeping and showing Peter the clothes that Tabitha had made. It is difficult to determine if the widows were showing Peter the clothes they were currently wearing or clothes that had been put on display in honour of Tabitha.[8] Whatever the case, this scene is designed to elicit an emotional response from the reader.
Tabitha’s Good Works
Tabitha, who is called Dorcas in verse 39, was probably more than a weaver or seamstress who worked by herself, creating one garment at a time.[9] She may have worked with others, or perhaps she financed and organised others to make garments. The New Testament mentions the importance of clothing the poor (Luke 3:11; James 2:15-16), and Jesus makes it personal in Matthew 25:35-36. However, Tabitha was not just involved in clothing the poor, including poor widows. She was also involved in other unspecified good works and charitable acts, the kinds of deeds that were esteemed and practised by Jews and Christians.[10]
The expression “good works” (agatha erga and kala erga) is found several times in the New Testament.[11] And, as well as the reference to Tabitha in Acts 9:36, the expression is used occasionally in the context of wealthy women (Matt. 26:10//Mark 14:6; 1 Tim. 2:10). In 1 Timothy 5:10, a few specifics are given concerning the good works of women who were eligible to be enrolled as widows in the church at Ephesus.[12]
… having a reputation for good works (kala erga): if she has brought up children, has shown hospitality, has washed the feet of the saints, has cared for the afflicted, and has devoted herself to every good work (kalon agathon). 1 Tim. 5:10 ESV.
It seems that Tabitha had done at least a few of these things. We know she cared for widows who were poorer than her and who may have been “afflicted.” And though the text doesn’t plainly state that she exercised hospitality, her home with its upper room may have been a base for the Christians in Joppa. It may even have served as a home for poor widows.
The fact that she is called Dorcas in verse 39, the verse that mentions the widows, may indicate that these women were Greek-speaking.[13] It was not unusual for some Jewish people to have a Hebraic, or Aramaic, name as well as a Greek name, especially if they lived in cities where there was a strong Greek influence. As a port city, Joppa would have been fairly cosmopolitan. Luke uses both “Tabitha” and “Dorcas” in his narrative, perhaps indicating that she was highly regarded by both the Aramaic-speaking and Greek-speaking Christian Jews in Joppa.[14]
“Tabitha” and “Dorcas” both mean “gazelle.” Like the biblical prophetesses Deborah (“bee”) and Huldah (“weasel”), she has an animal’s name. There is nothing to indicate that Tabitha was a prophetess, but she may have been. What is more certain is that she seems to have functioned as a kind of deaconess.[15]
Ben Witherington writes,
Perhaps the main reason for the Tabitha story is that Luke wishes to reveal how a woman functioned as a deaconess, a very generous supporter of widows. It is interesting that at the outset of the story Luke presents her credentials, and they are the sort one would look for in a deaconess.[16]
Tabitha Rises (Acts 9:40-41)
Peter put all of them outside, and then he knelt down and prayed. He turned to the body and said, “Tabitha, get up.” Then she opened her eyes, and seeing Peter, she sat up. Acts 9:40 NRSV
The focus of Tabitha’s story is in verses 40-41, and Luke slows the pace of the narrative here by giving Peter several actions. Following the example of Jesus (cf. Matt. 9:25), and of Elijah and Elisha, Peter sends everyone out of the room, and he prays for a miracle. He then turns to the corpse and speaks to it.
In the Greek New Testament, Peter’s words are recorded as “Tabitha anastēthi.”[17] But he probably spoke Aramaic words and actually said, “Tabitha kûmî.” Interestingly, this is just one letter different from what Jesus said to Jairus’s daughter when he raised her from death, as recorded in Mark 5:41: “Talitha kûmî.”[18]
Tabitha responds and opens her eyes, signifying her life has been restored. When she opens her eyes, she sees Peter, and then sits up. Her three actions lengthen the story and build suspense. I wonder what was going through Tabitha’s mind when she became conscious. Did she know the man in her room was the apostle Peter? Had they met previously while Jesus was still on earth? Did she realise she had been dead and brought back to life?
He gave her his hand and helped her up. Then calling the saints and widows, he showed her to be alive. Acts 9:41NRSV
Luke keeps the pace slow and stretches out the narrative by giving Peter four more actions. Peter gives Tabitha his hand, he helps her up, he calls the saints (i.e. the Christians), including the widows, and he shows Tabitha alive. However, after listing Tabitha’s and Peter’s actions, Luke tells us nothing about the reactions of the Christians in Joppa when they saw their beloved Tabitha alive. This is left to the reader’s imagination.
Luke concludes the story by stating that Tabitha’s story “became known throughout Joppa, and many believed in the Lord” (Acts 9:42 NRSV). It is characteristic of Luke to include a comment in his stories about people becoming believers, the gospel spreading, and the church growing (Acts 9:31; 12:24; 19:20, etc). Tabitha’s story is, after all, not primarily about her, but more about the church, the community of Jesus followers.
Conclusion
Luke carefully chose which characters to include in the Acts of the Apostles, the account he was writing for his patron Theophilus, and he chose to include the story of Tabitha. As a wealthier woman who was prominent in her community, she was someone Theophilus could identify with. But more than that, Tabitha is representative of first-century women who were exemplary disciples of Jesus.
Forbes and Harrower write,
The story of Tabitha contributes to Luke’s broader understanding of female disciples. Luke-Acts leaves no doubt in the reader’s mind that believing women are full members of Jesus’ community and are rightfully designated as disciples.[19]
Furthermore, Tabitha’s momentous story helps the narrative to transition to another momentous story, the story of Peter and Cornelius and the inclusion of Gentiles in the church. Peter is still in Tabitha’s city of Joppa when he has his vision of unclean animals and when messengers come asking him to come to the house of Cornelius. Cornelius was not a Jew, he was a Gentile and a Roman centurion. But like Tabitha, he was also known for his pious almsgiving. The Holy Spirit was continuing to work, and the church was continuing to grow and expand.
So powerful were the merits of mercy, so much did just works avail!
She who had conferred on suffering widows the assistance for living
Deserved to be recalled to life by the petition of widows.
Cyprian (200-258), Bishop of Carthage, Works and Almsgiving 6. (FC 36:233)
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Footnotes
[1] Women disciples of Jesus include Mary, Jesus’ mother, Mary and Martha, Mary Magdalene, Joanna, Susanna, Salome and others. More about Jesus’ female disciples here.
[2] The feminine form of the Greek word for “disciple” (mathētria) occurs once in the New Testament, only in Acts 9:36.
[3] Ben Witherington III, The Acts of the Apostles: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998), 331.
The way Calvin described the role of female deacons somewhat fits with how Luke describes Tabitha in Acts 9:36.
For there was no public office which women could discharge save that of devoting themselves to the service of the poor. If we admit this (and it certainly ought to be admitted), there will be two classes of deacons, the one serving the Church by administering the affairs of the poor; the other, by taking care of the poor themselves. For although the term διακονία has a more extensive meaning, Scripture specially gives the name of deacons to those whom the Church appoints to dispense alms, and take care of the poor, constituting them as it were stewards of the public treasury of the poor.
Calvin, Institutes VI:IV:4
Calvins’s view of female and male deacons, however, is too narrow. Phoebe, for example, did not just devote herself to serving the poor.
[4] Mary Magdalene, Susannah, Nympha, Lydia, Euodia, Syntyche, Phoebe, Tryphena, Tryphosa, Persis, the chosen lady, and other New Testament women are not mentioned with a male relative or guardian. These women are not described by their family situation but by their ministries.
[5] Beverley Roberts Gaventa notes, “Although washing a corpse is a common custom in antiquity, no mention of it elsewhere makes its way into biblical narrative. The inclusion of this intimate detail here provides one of several indications of Tabitha’s significance to this community of believers.” Gaventa, Acts (Abingdon New Testament Commentaries; Nashville: Abingdon, 2003), 160.
[6] Peter may have become ritually unclean by entering the room that contained Tabitha’s corpse, even though he didn’t touch her until after she was restored to life. Peter then stayed in the home of a man named Simon who was a tanner, an unclean profession. This leads to the next chapter, Acts 10, where Peter is confronted by a vision of unclean animals and learns that God regards Gentiles as declared clean.
[7] An unrelated word (anagaion) is used for the upper room where Jesus held his last supper (Mark 14:15//Luke 22:12).
[8] Craig Keener writes that the middle participle epideiknumenai (”showing”) may indicate that the widows were wearing the garments and “were displaying them with ‘pride, or satisfaction.’” Acts: An Exegetical Commentary. Volume 2: 3:1-14:28 (Google Books)
[9] Lynn Cohick states, “Women often worked in domestic fields such as weaving and tailoring.” And she refers to an epitaph (CIL VI.37826) of an ancient woman who was a tailor:
Carmeria Iarine, a freedwoman, dedicated a tomb to several men, including her patron, her patron’s patron, and her husband (a freedman). All of them, including Iarine, apparently worked as a group in the same shop making fine clothing, as the epitaph commemorates these “tailors of fine clothing in Tuscan street.”
Lynn H. Cohick, Women in the World of the Earliest Christians (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2009), 232 and 234.
[10] I. Howard Marshall makes the comment that good works and charitable acts “were highly esteemed Jewish virtues and continued to be practised by Christians.” Marshall, Acts (Tyndale New Testament Commentaries; Leicester: InterVarsity, 1980), 179.
[11] A sample of New Testament verses that use the expression “good works”: Matt. 5:15; Rom. 2:7; Eph. 2:10; 1 Tim 3:1; 5:25a; 6:18; Tit. 3:8, 14; Heb. 10:24: 1 Pet. 2:12.
[12] The enrolled widows in the Ephesian church may have belonged to a church order for pious older women (1 Tim. 5:9-10). The nearby church at Smyrna had an order of widows. I discuss these Smyrnaen widows here. Was Tabitha the benefactor or patron of an early group, or order, of widows in Joppa? Was she their leader? This kind of role may be what is spoken of here:
“If any woman who is a believer has widows in her care, she should continue to help them and not let the church be burdened with them, so that the church can help those widows who are really in need” (1 Tim 5:16 NIV).
[13] In Acts 6:1ff we read that Greek-speaking widows in Jerusalem had been overlooked, but in Joppa, they seem to have been cared for. A discussion about the kind of ministry the Jerusalem widows were missing out on is here.
[14] “Tabitha” occurs in Acts 9:36 and 40; “Dorcas” occurs in Acts 9:36 and 39. Peter calls her Tabitha (Acts 9:40); the widows may have called her Dorcas (Acts 9:36).
[15] Luke does not identify any person in Acts as a deacon or deaconess, not even the seven men in Acts 6. The Greek word diakonos (“deacon/ deaconess”) does not occur at all in the book of Acts. In the New Testament, diakonos is Paul’s word for a minister.
[16] Witherington, Acts of the Apostles, 151.
[17] Anastēthi (lexical form: anistēmi) is used over 100 times in the New Testament. It is often used in the context of significant events, sometimes in the context of miraculous healings. It means “stand up” or “rise.” This verb is related to the noun anastasis used for Jesus’ resurrection.
[18] The Aramaic word kûmî is transliterated as koum in Mark 5:41 of the Greek New Testament. (Luke records the story of the raising of Jairus’s daughter in his Gospel but doesn’t include Aramaic words.)
[19] Greg W. Forbes and Scott D. Harrower, Raised from Obscurity: A Narratival and Theological Study of the Characterization of Women in Luke-Acts (Eugene, OR: Pickwick, 2015), 173. (A review of this book is here.)
© Margaret Mowczko 2019
All Rights Reserved
Explore more
Jesus had Many Female Followers – Many!
The First-Century Church and the Ministry of Women
Phoebe: Deacon of the Church at Cenchrea
The Church at Smyrna and her Women (Gavia)
Marcella of Rome: Academic and Ascetic
Lydia: The Founding Member of the Philippian Church
Wealthy Women in the First-Century Roman World and in the Church
Further Reading
Richard Fellows has a fascinating article that looks at the symbolism of Tabitha’s (Dorcas’s) name, here.
A comparison of the accounts of Peter’s dealings with Aeneas, Tabitha, and Cornelius is on the CBE International website, here.
Teresa Calpino’s 2012 dissertation The Lord Opened Her Heart: Women, Work, and Leadership in
Acts of the Apostles is online, here.
22 thoughts on “Tabitha: An Exemplary Disciple (Acts 9:36-42)”
She’s a wonderful example of a true Christian! Open your home and help others! Use your God given talents and abilities! See the need and help alleviate the pain!
The call to ministry really can be this simple.
In the latest issue of Christianity Today, Craig Keener has a thoughtful article about this type of miracle, a raising from death to life. https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2019/june/miracles-resurrections-real-raisings-fake-news-keener-afric.html
Thanks for this, Robert.
I love the stories of the women in the Bible. Unfortunately, never shared in “big church” much but mostly in women’s Bible studies. How we all need to learn all we can from the Bible – leaving no one out. God’s word and work is precious.
I’m so glad the biblical authors didn’t leave women out of their stories and letters.
I wonder why Ben W. chooses to refer to her as a possible deaconess contra simply a deacon?
My understanding is that Scripture only uses the word diakonos which can refer to either gender and is translated as deacon meaning servant or minister. The idea of a deaconess came later and so can be seen as a human tradition that I think can in some cases negate what Scripture actually teaches as when men taught that women could not serve in some ways.
Ben W. also refers to Phoebe as a “deaconess” which I find even more of an issue. Paul calls Pheobe a diakonos not a “deaconess” (diakonissa). It’s the exact same word used for Paul himself (Rom. 15:25; 1 Cor. 3:5; Eph. 3:7; Col. 1:23, etc), Timothy (1 Tim. 4:6), Epaphras (Col. 1:7), Tychicus (Eph. 6:21-22; Col. 4:7-9), Apollos (1 Cor. 3:5), and even Jesus Christ (Rom. 15:8).
Later deaconesses, however, did seem to have a ministry that focussed on charity, much like Tabitha’s ministry.
Hello Marg! Amazing article as always. I don’t know why I haven’t heard of Tabitha before, but I’m glad I do now!
Also, I have another question that I’ve been thinking about recently, and that is, what is the Ancient Greek word used for “deacons” in 1 Timothy 3:8?
Also, I read somewhere that the word Diakonos can either be used to describe either
a) a servant or
b) a deacon
So how do we know that Phoebe be was a Diakonos, as in deacon, instead of a Diakonos, as in servant?
Hi Megan,
The Greek word in 1 Timothy 3:8 is diakonoi (the dictionary form). [The actual form is diakonous because it is the accusative plural. But don’t worry about that.]
How do we know what Paul meant when he used the word diakonos (singular) or diakonoi (plural)? We look at every instance of the word in his letters. He was very consistent in how he uses these words.
Paul never uses these words for an ordinary servant. He almost always uses it for “an agent with a sacred commission.” As such, several diakonoi are described as being a diakonos of Christ (1 Tim. 4:6) or of God (e.g. 2 Cor. 6:4), or of the gospel (Eph. 3:7), or of a specific church—a church being a sacred community of “saints” (Rom. 16:1-2).
These diakonoi include Paul himself (Rom. 15:25; 1 Cor. 3:5; Eph. 3:7; Col. 1:23, etc), Timothy (1 Tim. 4:6), Epaphras (Col. 1:7), Tychicus (Eph. 6:21-22; Col. 4:7-9), Apollos (1 Cor. 3:5), Phoebe (Rom. 16:1-2) and even Jesus Christ (Rom. 15:8).
Even in Romans 13:4, government ministers are described by Paul as having a sacred commission: “For the one in authority is God’s agent (diakonos) for your good” (Rom. 13:4).
One exception is Paul’s description of false apostles as agents (diakonoi) of Satan with a diabolic commission (2 Cor. 11:13-15). See also Galatians 2:17 where Paul asks the rhetorical question of whether Jesus is an agent (diakonos) of sin.
Phoebe was a relatively wealthy woman. She was a patron of Paul and of many others. She would have had servants of her own, rather than being a servant herself. On the other hand, Christian ministry is service, Christian service is ministry. The CEB consistently translates diakonos as “servant” even for Jesus. This is fine. The only problem is when we try and say Phoebe’s ministry or service was somehow less than those of other diakonoi, such as Tychicus, simply because she was a woman. In fact, her ministry/service has similarities with that of Tychicus.
Whether the diakonoi in Philippians 1:1 and 1 Timothy 3:8-12 are “deacons” is debatable, and not that important. Likewise, whether some of diakonoi, such as Phoebe, Tychicus or Epaphras, were “deacons” is debatable and not important. The fact remains that they are agents with a sacred commission. They were Christian ministers.
I’ve written about Phoebe here:
https://margmowczko.com/was-phoebe-a-deacon-of-the-church-in-cenchrea-part-1/
I’ve written about diakon– words here:
https://margmowczko.com/the-diakon-words-in-major-greek-lexicons/
Awesome. Thank you so much for helping me!
You’re welcome. 🙂
Ok I’m back with more questions haha. Once I start wondering I can’t stop..
What are the greek words for “serve” in Acts 26:7, Galatians 5:13, 1 Peter 1:12, and Hebrews 9:14?
I’m not even sure if this next question will make sense, but what would those words be if they were nouns?
Hi Megan, yes it does make sense.
Sometimes related verbs and nouns (and adjectives, etc) have very similar senses, but not always. (We can’t assume that related words will have similar meanings.) But the following might be useful to you.
Acts 26:7 and Hebrews 9:14
The verb is latreuō. This is used in the New Testament for serving in the context of divine worship.
https://biblehub.com/greek/3000.htm
The related concrete noun is latris, but it can lack some of the worship/religious nuances that latreō and latreia can have, and it doesn’t occur in the New Testament.
The related abstract noun is latreia (“service of worship”).
https://biblehub.com/greek/2999.htm
Galatians 5:13
The verb is doulouō. The etymology gives the sense to “serve as a slave,” but this verb (and related doul– words) can be used in broader contexts that are unrelated to actual slavery. Paul sometimes uses doul– words for his and Timothy’s ministries, etc.
https://biblehub.com/greek/1398.htm
The related concrete noun is doulos (“slave”).
https://biblehub.com/greek/1401.htm
The related abstract noun is douleia (“slavery”).
https://biblehub.com/greek/1397.htm
There are many other doul– words too.
1 Peter 1:12
The verb is diakoneō (“serve/minister”).
https://biblehub.com/greek/1247.htm
The related concrete noun is diakonos which means an agent or a servant. Paul always uses it for an agent with a scared commission and, in one verse, for agents with a diabolic commission. It can also be translated as minister or deacon.
https://biblehub.com/greek/1249.htm
The abstract noun is diakonia. It typically has the sense of Christian ministry in Acts and in Paul’s letters.
https://biblehub.com/greek/1248.htm
There are other Greek verbs that mean to “serve” also. For example, Luke uses hypēreteō a few times in Acts to mean “serve/minister,” but the related concrete noun hypēretēs occurs many more times in the New Testament.
https://biblehub.com/greek/5256.htm
https://biblehub.com/greek/5257.htm
Ok thank you!
Just one more question!
There are words in English that are spelled the same but have two or more different meanings. Like how “bat” could be the noun to describe what baseball players use, or it could be a noun to describe an animal.
I was wondering if there were any words in Ancient Greek that were like that?
There are very few Greek words that are spelt the same but that have different meanings. And none of these words are related to the Greek words in my previous comment.
I am just so thankful to find your articles on women leaders in the Bible! Thank you!
[…] Furthermore, Joseph called Barsabbas (also known as Justus) and Matthias, who we don’t hear anything of except in Acts 1, must have been disciples of Jesus. Matthias replaced Judas Iscariot (Acts 1:23–26). Also in Acts, Ananias (a man) and Dorcas (a woman) are plainly called disciples (Acts 9:10, 36). […]
[…] In Acts 9:36-42 there is a short narrative about a woman named Tabitha, also known as Dorcas. She is described as a female disciple (mathētria) who was “devoted to good works and acts of charity” (Acts 9:36 NRSV). Widows were among those she helped with her good works, which included making, or organising the making of, clothes for the poor. […]
[…] [4] I have more on Tabitha here. […]
[…] Moreover, describing someone as a generous supporter of people in need was used by authors of early Christian texts to highlight both a person’s piety and prominence (e.g., Cornelius in Acts 10:1-2, Tabitha in Acts 9:36ff, Phoebe in Rom. 16:1-2). […]